Uniqueness is an important characteristic of project deliverables. For example, many thousands of office buildings have been developed, but each individual facility is unique—different owner, different design, different location, different contractors, and so on. The presence of repetitive elements does not change the fundamental uniqueness of the project work. 独特性是项目可交付成果的一项重要特性。例如，成千上万的写字楼建成了，但是他们各具有独一性---不同的所有人、不同的设计、不同的位置、不同的承包商等等。某些重复性的工作组成部分并不能改变整个项目工作的根本上的独特性。
.3  Progressive elaboration渐进明细
Progressive elaboration is a characteristic of projects that accompanies the concepts of temporary(一次性) and unique(独特的).渐进明细是结合了一次性和独特性概念的项目的一项重要特征。Progressive elaboration means developing in steps, and continuing by increments1. 渐进明细意味着分步开发并持续小幅增量。For example, the project scope will be broadly described early in the project and made more explicit and detailed as the project team develops a better and more complete understanding of the objectives and deliverables. 例如，项目范围将在项目早期予以粗略描述，并且将在项目团队对目标和可交付成果发展出了更好和更彻底的理解之后，制订出更清晰和更详细的项目范围描述。Progressive elaboration should not be confused with scope creep (Section 5.5). 进行了渐进明细就不会被范围蔓延的现象所迷惑。
Progressive elaboration of a project’s specifications(规范) needs to be carefully coordinated with proper project scope definition, particularly if the project is performed under contract. 项目规范的渐进明细过程需要小心翼翼地协调适当的范围定义，尤其是合同环境下执行的项目。When properly defined, the scope of the project—the work to be done—should be controlled as the project and product specifications(规范) are progressively elaborated. 当定义适当时，需要完成的工作即项目范围将在项目和产品规范渐进明细时得到控制。The relationship between product scope and project scope is discussed further in the Chapter 5 introductory material. 产品范围和项目范围之间的关系将在第5章介绍性材料中进行更进一步的讨论。
The following examples illustrate progressive elaboration in two different application areas:下述例子阐明了在两个不同应用领域的渐进明细过程。
 Development of a chemical processing plant begins with process engineering to define the characteristics of the process. 化工厂的开发建设始于流程工程师定义工艺流程特性。These characteristics are used to design the major processing units. 这些工艺流程特性被用来设计主要的处理单元。This information becomes the basis for engineering design, which defines both the detailed plant layout and the mechanical characteristics of the process units and ancillary facilities. 这些定义了包括处理单元及附属设施详细设备布置和机械特性的信息，即成为工程设计的基础。All of this results in design drawings that are elaborated to produce fabrication and construction drawings.据此可以进行详细的设计以绘制装配和结构图。During construction, interpretations and adaptations are made as needed and are subject to proper approval.经过适当的批准，在施工期间需要的时候可以对施工图进行进一步的解释和适当的修改。 This further elaboration of the deliverables is captured in as-built drawings, and final operating adjustments are made during testing and turnover.在竣工图中，在测试和移交阶段的最终调试、检验中都将体现这种对可交付成果进一步的详细描述。
 The product of an economic development project may initially be defined as: “Improve the quality of life of the lowest income residents of community X.” 一个经济开发项目的产品可能最初定义为：“改善X社区最低收入居民的生活品质”As the project proceeds, the products may be described more specifically as, for example: “Provide access to food and water to 500 low-income residents in community X.” 随着项目的进展，该产品可能会描述得更加明确，例如：“向X社区中500名低收入居民提供食物和饮水”The next round of progressive elaboration might focus exclusively on increasing agriculture production and marketing, with provision of water deemed to be a secondary priority to be initiated once the agricultural component is well under way. 在确信农业组成发展顺利而供水只是次要的之后，下一轮的渐进明细可能专门集中在提高农业产量和营销能力上。

1.2.2 Projects vs. Operational Work
Organizations perform work to achieve a set of objectives.各个组织为了达到一揽子目的而进行工作。 Generally, work can be categorized as either projects or operations, although the two sometimes overlap.总而言之，工作可以按项目或者运作进行分类，虽然这两者经常发生重叠。 They share many of the following characteristics: 他们共有以下特性：
 Performed by people 由人执行
 Constrained by limited resources 受有限的资源限制
 Planned, executed, and controlled. 可以被计划、实施和控制

Projects and operations differ primarily in that operations are ongoing and repetitive, while projects are temporary and unique. 项目和运作主要区别在于运作是持续和重复的而项目是一次性和独特的。

The objectives of projects and operations are fundamentally different. 项目和运作的目的在根本上上就是不同的。The purpose of a project is to attain its objective and then terminate.做项目的目的就是达到其目标然后终结。 Conversely, the objective of an ongoing operation is to sustain the business. 而与其相反，日常运作的目标则是维持营业。Projects are different because the project concludes when its specific objectives have been attained, while operations adopt a new set of objectives and the work continues. 项目之所以不同，是因为项目在其明确目标达到时结束，而运作则会设立一系列新的目标与此同时工作仍然继续进行。
Projects are undertaken at all levels of the organization and they can involve a single person or many thousands. 项目在组织的各种水平上实施，而且可以包括一个人乃至数千人。Their duration ranges from a few weeks to several years. 他们的历时从几周到若干年。 Projects can involve one or many organizational units, such as joint ventures and partnerships. 项目可以涉及一个或数个组织单位，例如联营企业和伙伴关系。 Examples of projects include, but are not limited to:项目举例如下，但并不限于以下：
 Developing a new product or service 开发一项新产品或服务
 Effecting a change in structure, staffing, or style of an organization 对组织结构、人员或风格的进行变革
 Designing a new transportation vehicle 设计一个新型的交通车辆
 Developing or acquiring a new or modified information system 开发或采购一个新的或者修改的信息系统
 Constructing a building or facility 建造一幢大厦或安装设施
 Building a water system for a community 为一个社区建造一个供水系统
 Running a campaign for political office 运转一个政治办公室的选战
 Implementing a new business procedure or process 贯彻一个新的商业流程或过程
 Responding to a contract solicitation. 响应一项合同邀请。

1.2.3 Projects and Strategic Planning 项目与战略计划编制
Projects are a means of organizing activities that cannot be addressed within the organization’s normal operational limits.项目是用以在无法于组织的正常运作范围内实施时，组织活动的一种手段。 Projects are, therefore, often utilized as a means of achieving an organization’s strategic plan, whether the project team is employed by the organization or is a contracted service provider.因此项目经常用于作为完成组织战略计划的手段，而不论项目团队是受雇于组织还是签约的服务供应商。
Projects are typically authorized as a result of one or more of the following strategic considerations: 项目典型地是作为以下一项或者几项战略考虑而授权设立的结果：
 A market demand (e.g., an oil company authorizes a project to build a new refinery in response to chronic gasoline shortages) 一项市场需求（例如，一个燃油公司授权设立了一个建设一座新的炼油厂的项目以作为对年度石油短缺的响应）
 An organizational need (e.g., a training company authorizes a project to create a new course in order to increase its revenues) 一项组织需求（例如，为了增加收入，一个培训公司授权设立了一个开发新课程的项目）
 A customer request (e.g., an electric utility authorizes a project to build a new substation to serve a new industrial park) 一项顾客请求（例如，为了向一个新的工业园区供电，一个发电厂授权了设立一个建造新的变电站的项目）
 A technological advance (e.g., a software firm authorizes a new project to develop a new generation of video games after the introduction of new game-playing equipment by electronics firms) 一项技术进步（例如，一个软件公司在得到电子公司关于新的游戏操作设备的介绍后，授权设立了一个开发新一代电子游戏的新项目）
 A legal requirement (e.g., a paint manufacturer authorizes a project to establish guidelines for the handling of a new toxic material). 一项法律要求（例如，一个油漆商授权设立了一个为处理一种新的毒性材料而建立指南的项目）

我的email：edward.hwang@alcatel.com.tw